L’epitelioma basocellulare (o carcinoma baso-cellulare o basalioma) è un tumore maligno della pelle che può essere facilmente curato se la diagnosi è precoce: la percentuale di guarigione e dunque di sopravvivenza è prossima al 100%. Altresì, se il basalioma è di piccole dimensioni e ad uno stadio iniziale il trattamento, per lo più chirurgico, può essere più conservativo. Raramente questa neoplasia si diffonde ad altri organi con metastasi, rimane sostanzialmente localizzato, ma può danneggiare i tessuti circostanti ed avere esiti altamente deturpanti. Un motivo in più per sottoporsi a controlli frequenti della pelle, appunto con lo scopo di una diagnosi precoce.
Cura del carcinoma basocellulare: tutte le tecniche
Dopo l’esame medico, la diagnosi di carcinoma basocellulare viene confermata con una biopsia. Tale procedura si esegue in anestesia locale e prevede il previevo di un campione di tessuto cutaneo che viene inviato al laboratorio per l’esame istologico. Se la diagnosi di basalioma è confermata, è necessario procedere al trattamento. Se il basalioma è piccolo ed in fase iniziale si può procedere direttamente con l’escissione chirurgica da inviare a biopsia. Fortunatamente comunque esistono diverse opzioni terapeutiche efficaci per trattare un carcinoma basocellulare. La scelta del trattamento si basa sul tipo, dimensione, posizione e profondità di penetrazione del tumore come pure sull’età del paziente e sulle sue condizioni generali di salute e, infine, sull’esito estetico che ne può derivare. Il trattamento può essere quasi sempre effettuato a livello ambulatoriale presso uno studio medico o una clinica e quelli chirugici di solito richiedono un’anestesia locale. Durante l’intervento il dolore o il disagio sono minimi e raramente è presente dolore dopo l’operazione. I tipi di cura attualmente utilizzati sono i seguenti:
- Curettage ed elettroessiccazione
- Chirurgia micrografica di Mohs
- Escissione chirurgica
- Radioterapia
- Criochirurgia (crioterapia)
- Terapia topica
Cicatrici e rischio intervento
I rischi relativi all’intervento chirurgico sono rarissimi e comuni anche ad altre operazioni (come infezioni o allergia all’anestesia). Il fatto che il tutto si svolga abitualmente in anestesia locale riduce sostanzialmente i pericoli. Gli esiti cicatriziali risultanti dalla rimozione di tumori di piccole dimensioni lasciati guarire naturalmente sono, di solito, esteticamente accettabili. In presenza di tumori di maggiori dimensioni o localizzati in aree critiche, è necessario riparare la ferita chirurgica con semplici suture o con innesti cutanei al fine di ottenere il miglior risultato estetico e di accelerare la guarigione.
Il basalioma può tornare? Recidiva?
Le persone che hanno avuto un basalioma, seppur rimosso chirurgicamente, presentano un rischio maggiore di svilupparne altri negli anni successivi, sia nella stessa sede del primo che in altre parti del corpo. Inoltre, gli stessi pazienti sono a maggior rischio di incappare in altri tipi di tumori cutanei, non ultimo il melanoma. Considerato ciò tali pazienti dovrebbero sottoporsi regolarmente a visite dermatologiche nel corso delle quali vengano esaminate con attenzione non solo la sede del precedente tumore, ma anche l’intera superficie cutanea. Il basalioma del naso e quello del cuoio capelluto sono in tal senso particolarmente problematici, recidivando generalmente nell’arco dei due anni successivi all’intervento chirurgico. In caso di ricomparsa del tumore, il medico può raccomandare un trattamento differente da quello usato in precedenza. Alcuni metodi, come la chirurgia micrografica di Mohs, possono essere più efficaci nella cura delle forme recidivanti.
Leggi anche:
Epitelioma basocellulare, sintomi e cause
T
Foto: Thinkstock
Fonte: Skincancer.org

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