Bronchite: cause, sintomi e cure possibili

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Il periodo è questo, quello dell’influenza e dei suoi “strascichi” nonché quello dei raffreddamenti che spesso ci portano a parlare di bronchite. Ma cosa si intende con questo termine medico di preciso? In generale il suffisso “ite” indica un’infiammazione e dunque la bronchite altro non è che un’infiammazione dei bronchi, provocata per lo più da un’infezione.

bronchite cause sintomi cura

Le cause più comuni della bronchite

I bronchi sono la principale via aerea di accesso ai polmoni. Le loro pareti producono muco fisiologicamente, per bloccare polveri ed altri agenti irritanti che potrebbero penetrarvi durante la respirazione. La maggior parte degli attacchi di bronchite acuta si ha quando un’infezione stimola la produzione di questo muco e se ne sviluppa conseguentemente la tosse quale sintomo principale che l’organismo ha per espellerlo.

Il virus del raffreddore e quelli influenzali ne rappresentano le cause scatenanti principali a cui si aggiungono spesso sovrinfezioni batteriche. La bronchite può però essere provocata anche dalla respirazione di sostanze irritanti, come lo smog, prodotti chimici (detergenti per la casa ad esempio) il fumo di sigaretta. A dirla tutta, questo, sul lungo termine rappresenta a causa principale della bronchite cronica.

Altre sostanze irritanti: polvere di grano, prodotti tessili (fibre di tessuto), ammoniaca, acidi forti o cloro.

I sintomi della bronchite

Il sintomo principale è una tosse che può produrre muco giallo o scuro, sul grigio: può durare anche diverse settimane ed essere molto fastidiosa. In caso di bronchite la tosse si può accompagnare anche ai seguenti disturbi:

  • Tensione al torace
  • affanno
  • mal di gola
  • Brividi e febbre
  • mal di testa
  • naso chiuso
  • dolori articolari e alla schiena (ma anche ai muscoli addominali se la tosse è violenta)

Anche se sgradevoli questi sintomi di solito non sono gravi e non necessitano del consulto del medico. Bisogna però fare attenzione perché sono molto simili a quelli della polmonite, decisamente più pericolosa. E’ quindi opportuno rivolgersi al proprio medico curante se si ha :

  • la tosse è grave o dura più di tre settimane
  • Febbre costante per più di tre giorni
  • Tosse con sangue nel muco
  • Respiro cortissimo e affannato (più di 30 respiri al minuto)
  • Respiro sibilante
  • Dolore al petto
  • Stato confusionale o di sonnolenza
  • Bronchite ricorrente

Particolare attenzione va posta se si soffre di asma, o altre malattie respiratorie o cardiache.

Come si cura la bronchite?

Nella maggior parte dei casi la bronchite non necessiterà di cure particolari, ovvero quando si parla di bronchite acuta, tenderà a guarire da sola grazie all’azione del sistema immunitario. Si possono utilizzare in questi casi dei rimedi naturali o farmaci sintomatici (miele contro il mal di gola, antipiretici per la febbre, eccetera) e tanto riposo, così come si farebbe per l’influenza stagionale. Se invece la bronchite è cronica o non riesce a passare si può fare uso di mucolitici, antibiotici, antiasmatici, calmanti della tosse, eccetera, a seconda dei casi. In tutti i casi è sermpre fondamentale smettere di fumare ed evitare luoghi carichi di fumo o altre sostanze irritanti per i bronchi.

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Foto: Thinkstock

 

 

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