La coagulazione del sangue è un meccanismo tanto importante quanto complesso. In caso di una ferita ad esempio un coagulo di sangue si crea fisiologicamente per fermare il sanguinamento. In altre condizioni però la formazione di un coagulo può essere pericolosa, specie se si sviluppa in luoghi critici come i polmoni o il cervello. Si parla di embolo (embolia) o trombosi in questi casi, che necessitano di cure mediche, anche urgenti. Tra i rischi, l’infarto e l’ictus. Ma quali le cause e cosa fare?
Coaguli del sangue, dove si formano e rischi
Coaguli di sangue possono formarsi nelle piccole vene prossime alla superficie della pelle (flebite superficiale), con conseguente eritema, dolore e gonfiore. Una flebite superficiale raramente causa complicazioni e richiede un trattamento minimo. Al contrario, i coaguli di sangue che si formano all’interno di vasi di grandi dimensioni, le vene profonde (trombosi venosa profonda) possono provocare sintomi più diffusi, nella zona interessata, di solito la gamba, e sono più pericolosi, perché di fatto ostruiscono il normale flusso di sangue.
I coaguli di sangue possono anche staccarsi dalla loro fonte originaria e causare danni in luoghi dell’organismo diversi da dove si sono formati: ad esempio sono in grado di viaggiare attraverso il corpo, fino ai polmoni provocando un’embolia polmonare.
Coaguli che sorgono in una delle camere del cuore, di solito a causa di un ritmo cardiaco irregolare come la fibrillazione atriale, possono invece arrivare al cervello e provocare un ictus. Lo stesso per quelli che si formano nelle carotidi del collo. I grumi di sangue che si sviluppano nelle arterie del cuore possono dare luogo ad un attacco di cuore.
Quali cause dei coaguli di sangue?
I fattori e le condizioni che possono causare coaguli di sangue, così come le condizioni gravi che sono ad essi associate sono:
- Sindrome da anticorpi antifosfolipidi
- Arteriosclerosi / aterosclerosi
- Trombosi venosa profonda
- Alcuni farmaci come i contraccettivi orali, quelli per la terapia ormonale e alcuni per il cancro al seno
- Fattore V di Leiden
- Storia familiare di coaguli di sangue
- Aritmia cardiaca
- Attacco cardiaco
- Insufficienza cardiaca
- Obesità
- Arteriopatia periferica
- Policitemia
- Gravidanza
- Prolungata posizione seduta o riposo a letto
- Embolia polmonare
- Fumare
- Interventi chirurgici
Quando preoccuparsi
Un coagulo di sangue non sempre avverte per tempo della sua esistenza ed ostruzione. Per questo è importante, in presenza delle cause sopra elencate rivolgersi quanto prima al pronto soccorso se si verificano improvvisamente:
- Mancanza di respiro
- Sensazione di pressione, pienezza o dolore nel centro del petto che dura più di pochi minuti
- Il dolore si estende alla spalla, braccio, schiena o mascella
- Un battito cardiaco veloce (tachicardia)
- Improvvisa debolezza o intorpidimento del viso, del braccio o della gamba
- Improvvisa difficoltà a parlare o a comprendere il linguaggio (afasia)
- Improvvisa offuscata, visione doppia o diminuito
Consultare invece a breve il medico se si sviluppano i seguenti sintomi in una zona su un braccio o una gamba:
- Gonfiore
- Rossore
- Intorpidimento
- Dolore
Cosa fare: prevenzione
Per ridurre il rischio di sviluppare coaguli di sangue, è importante evitare di stare seduti o sdraiati per lunghi periodi, anche dopo un intervento chirurcico, prima ci si “mobilizza” e meglio è. Perdere peso, tenere sotto controllo la pressione alta, smettere di fumare e fare una regolare attività motoria sono il resto delle accortezze.
Potrebbero interessarvi anche i seguenti post:
Sindrome da anticorpi antifosfolipidi sintomi e cause
Fonte: Mayo clinic
Foto: Thinkstock

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