Tumore dell’ano, sintomi e cause

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Il tumore dell’ano è una neoplasia maligna che ha origine nei tessuti in prossimità dell’ano e riguarda il 4% di tutte le malattie oncologiche delle basse vie digestive. Ha un buon tasso di guarigione: la sopravvivenza a 5 anni è del 70-80%, specie se la diagnosi è precoce. E’ più frequente nelle donne, ma l’incidenza è in aumento nella popolazione omosessuale, anche a causa di alcune infezioni virali (come l’hpv) che rappresenta un importante fattore di rischio. Vediamo insieme quali sono le cause predisponenti ed i sintomi.

tumore dell'ano sintomi cause

Quali cause per il tumore dell’ano?

La causa esatta di questa neoplasia è ancora sconosciuta, anche se sono stati identificati numerosi fattori capaci di aumentare significativamente il rischio di sviluppare le patologia. I principali sono:

  • infezione da virus del papilloma umano (HPV)
  • fare sesso anale o avere molti partner sessuali (probabilmente perché aumenta il rischio di sviluppare HPV)
  • avere il sistema immunitario indebolito (per l’HIV o altre patologie, sempre per il sopracitato Hpv)
  • avere una precedente storia di tumore della cervicem della vagina o della vulva (nelle donne è più frequente)
  • fumo di sigaretta
  • avere un’età superiore ai 60 anni
  • storia di lesioni anali benigne

 

Sintomi del cancro anale

I sintomi del cancro anale sono spesso simili a condizioni più comuni e meno gravi che interessano l’ano, come le emorroidi o le ragadi anali. Tra questi dunque possiamo trovare:

  • Sanguinamento dal retto (in genere è sangue rosso vivo)
  • Prurito e dolore intorno all’ano
  • Sensazione di pressione
  • Cambiamento nelle abitudini intestinali
  • Piccoli grumi localizzati
  • Perdite di muco sempre dall’ano
  • Incontinenza fecale

 

 

Tuttavia, alcune persone con il cancro anale non hanno alcun sintomo e difficilmente questi disturbi si manifestano nella primissima fase della malattia. In caso di tali segnali, anche se il tumore è molto più raro di ragadi ed emorroidi è sempre opportuno rivolgersi al proprio medico curante o ad uno specialista, per poter escludere il peggio e curare le malattie più benigne.

 

Diagnosi

 

In caso di dubbi il medico può prescrivere una serie di test e visite. Si può eseguire un esame addominale e rettale e/o procedere con

  • sigmoidoscopia – (si inserisce un tubicino dotato di telecamera per osservare la presenza di eventuali lesioni o anomalie)
  • proctoscopia – (simile al test precedente)
  • biopsia – (con le due tecniche precedenti si può prelevare del tessuto sospetto che viene poi esaminato al microscopio)

Se questi test diagnosticano un cancro anale, diventa opportuna una scansione di tutto il corpo per verificare la presenza di metastasi e dunque il grado eventuale di diffusione della malattia.

 

Prevenzione

La maggioranza dei casi di tumore dell’ano è correlata ad infezione da HPV ed il vaccino per questo virus ha dimostrato di ridurre l’incidenza delle lesioni potenzialmente precancerose, per tale motivo si ritiene che una vaccinazione preventiva nella popolazione sessualmente attiva possa ridurre anche l’ncidenza del cancro.

 

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Foto: Thinkstock

Fonte: Nhs.uk

 

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