Disturbo di conversione, cura, prognosi e prevenzione

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Un disturbo di conversione, noto in passato anche come forma di isteria, provoca nei pazienti una serie di disturbi neurologici, come l’intorpidimento, la paralisi di un arto, mutismo, sordità, cecità. Il tutto in assenza di una causa organica riscontrabile. In genere questi disturbi si manifestano dopo un forte stress psico-fisico, nell’immediato e/o all’improvviso.  Rientra nei disturbi psichiatrici secondo la classificazione del DSM-5 (ovvero del Manuale Diagnostico e Statistico dei Disturbi Mentali- quinta edizione).

disturbo conversione cure

Cure e farmaci

Nella maggior parte delle persone, fortunatamente i sintomi del disturbo di conversione migliorano senza trattamento, soprattutto dopo la rassicurazione da parte del medico che i problemi non sono provocati da un grave problema di fondo, e dopo l’intervento di un professionista della salute mentale. L’approccio iniziale è fondamentale in tal senso e per evitare la pericolosa complicanza della cronicizzazione del sintomo.

Si può beneficiare di un trattamento se si hanno segni di disturbo di conversione e sintomi che permangono o continuano a tornare, si hanno sintomi gravi, o in presenza di altre condizioni di salute fisica o mentale. Il trattamento dipenderà comunque dai sintomi e potrà includere:

  • Psicoterapia. Vedere uno psicologo o un consulente professionale può contribuire a trattare i sintomi del disturbo di conversione e ad evitare che si ripresenti. Questo può essere particolarmente utile se si dispone anche di ansia, depressione o altri problemi di salute mentale.
  • Terapia fisica. Lavorare con un terapista fisico può prevenire le complicanze di alcuni sintomi del disturbo di conversione. Ad esempio, il movimento regolare delle braccia o delle gambe può scongiurare rigidità muscolare e debolezza, se si dispone di paralisi o perdita di mobilità.
  • Curare lo stress correlato e le altre condizioni. Disturbo di conversione può migliorare quando si ottiene un trattamento per lo stress, l’ansia o di un altro problema di fondo. Il medico può prescrivere farmaci anti-ansia, antidepressivi o altri medicinali come parte del piano di trattamento, a seconda del profilo di salute individuale.
  • Stimolazione magnetica transcranica. Alcuni studi scientifici indicano come le persone affette da disturbo di conversione possano trarre beneficio da questo tipo di trattamento che coinvolge l’attività cerebrale emozionale utilizzando deboli correnti elettriche che si ritiene in grado di modificare la biochimica del cervello. Tuttavia, questo approccio è ancora in una fase iniziale per quanto riguarda il suo uso nel trattamento del disturbo di conversione.

Prognosi

I sintomi di solito durano per giorni o settimane e possono improvvisamente andare via. Di solito il sintomo in sé non rappresenta un pericolo di vita, ma le complicazioni possono essere invalidanti. Quando non si interviene con la giusta terapia e per tempo, può capitare che il disturbo diventi permanente e più tempo passerà e maggiori saranno le difficoltà di un recupero totale delle funzionalità perdute.

Prevenzione

Il disturbo di conversione è di solito innescato da una reazione a qualche tipo di stress o traumi. Attività anti-stress come la meditazione e lo yoga possono contribuire a ridurre le reazioni agli eventi che scatenano i sintomi. In generale, tuttavia, il modo migliore per evitare questo tipo di problematiche è di raggiungere e mantenere una buona qualità di vita, un ambiente familiare stabile, contatti sociali e l’equilibrio tra lavoro e vita. Se si dispone di altre condizioni di salute mentale, assicurarsi che stia ricevendo il giusto trattamento. Il trattamento può includere l’assunzione di farmaci che non va sospesa senza il consiglio del medico specialista.

 

 

 

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Fonte: Mayo Clinic

Foto: Thinkstock

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