Disturbo acuto da stress o shock psicologico, sintomi e cause

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Una “reazione acuta da stres” (nota anche come disturbo acuto da stress, shock psicologico, shock mentale, o semplicemente shock) è una condizione psicologica che si sviluppa in risposta ad un evento traumatico, più o meno improvviso. Per la prima volta tale “risposta” fu descritta nel 1920 dal fisiologo  Walter Cannon ritenuto da molti il padre della psicosomatica: la sua teoria si basava sull’osservazione degli animali ed illustrava come questi reagissero a delle minacce con una forte scarica del sistema nervoso simpatico. In seguito  tale reazione è stata identificata come primo sintomo di una sindrome generale di adattamento che regola le risposte allo stress nei vertebrati ed altri organismi. Oltre la storia, scopriamone insieme i sintomi, le cause scatenanti e le possibilità di cura.
reazione acuta da stress sintomi cause

Sintomi di disturbo acuto da stress o shock psicologico

I sintomi più comuni di una reazione acuta da stress possono essere molto forti e sono i seguenti:

  • paralisi
  • distacco emotivo
  • mutismo
  • derealizzazione
  • depersonalizzazione
  • amnesia psicogena
  • continuo rivivere l’evento stressante con pensieri, sogni e flashback
  • fuga da qualsiasi stimolo o situazione che possa ricordare l’evento traumatico
  • sintomi di ansia

I sintomi della risposta acuta durano da un minimo di 2 giorni, ad un massimo di 4 settimane, e si verificano in genere entro 4 settimane dall’evento scioccante.

 

Cause

Il Disturbo acuto da stress è il risultato di un evento traumatico in cui la persona sperimenta un’esperienza estrema, inquietante: uno spavento improvviso, un forte stress emotivo, un dolore affettivo, la minaccia di una grave lesione o un pericolo per la vita, eccetera. Va considerato come una variante del disturbo da stress post-traumatico. Come ipotizzava Cannon l’insorgenza di una risposta allo stress è associata con specifiche azioni fisiologiche del sistema nervoso simpatico, sia direttamente che indirettamente, attraverso il rilascio di adrenalina e, in misura minore noradrenalina dalla midollare delle ghiandole surrenali. Questi catecolamine (ormoni) facilitano l’innesco di reazioni fisiche, come pure l’aumento della frequenza cardiaca e la respirazione, o la costrizione dei vasi sanguigni. L’abbondanza di catecolamine in siti neurorecettoriali facilita dipendenza da comportamenti spontanei o intuitive. E’ lo stesso meccanismo fisiologico che ci permette di stare attenti, all’erta ai rischi concreti della vita quotidiana. Se uno stimolo viene percepito come una minaccia, il rilascio di noradrenalina si attiva e più intenso è lo stress e maggiore è la risposta.

 

Diagnosi

La diagnosi di un disturbo acuto da stress non può prescindere dai sintomi collegabili ad un evento traumatico non troppo lontano nel tempo (non più di un mese). Inoltre, i sintomi mostrano un quadro composito e di solito cambiano col passare delle ore e dei giorni; oltre allo stato iniziale di “stordimento”, la depressione, l’ansia, la rabbia, la disperazione, iperattività, e il ritiro sociale possono subentrare, ma nessuno dura a lungo: i sintomi generalmente si risolvono rapidamente nei casi in cui la rimozione dall’ambiente stressante è possibile; nei casi in cui lo stress continua o non può per sua natura essere invertito, i sintomi di solito iniziano a diminuire da soli dopo 24-48 per diventare minimi dopo circa 3 giorni come in una sorta di adattamento. Se invece persistono oltre un mese la diagnosi tenderà ad essere quella di un disturbo da stress post-traumatico.

 

Cura

In genere i disturbiacuti da stress passano in poco tempo. La terapia cognitivo-comportamentale risulta comunque efficace nel prevenire la sindrome da stress post-traumatico. E’ comunque utile praticare attività di relax ed evitare altri eventi stressanti.

 

Leggi anche:

Disturbo di somatizzazione, cause, sintomi, cure

Ridurre stress e ansia con la fitoterapia

Disturbo di conversione, sintomi e cause

 

Fonte:

Wikipedia

 

Foto: Thinkstock

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