Pancreatite acuta (infiammazione del pancreas), sintomi e cause

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La pancreatite acuta è una infiammazione del pancreas, un organo che si trova dietro lo stomaco e nei pressi del piccolo intestino. Come si evince dal nome tale infiammazione si verifica improvvisamente. E’ responsabile di dolore e gonfiore nella parte superiore sinistra dell’addome. Il pancreas produce e distribuisce l’insulina, gli enzimi, e altri ormoni, necessari per stare in buona salute. Per questo una pancreatite può essere pericolosa andando ad alterare tali fattori.

pancreatite acuta


Quali sono le cause pancreatite acuta?

La causa di pancreatite acuta può essere diretta o indiretta. Cause dirette sono quelle che colpiscono il pancreas stesso, i suoi tessuti o condotti. Cause indirette sono quelle che derivano da malattie o condizioni che hanno origine da qualche altra parte del corpo.

Una delle principali cause di pancreatite acuta è legata agli enzimi che produce. Solitamente, questi enzimi diventano attivi solo dopo essere entrati nel piccolo intestino. Se questi enzimi si attivano precocemente, cioè quando ancora si trovano nel pancreas, possono causare sanguinamento, gonfiore e dolore nei tessuti pancreatici. Inoltre, i vasi sanguigni presenti nel pancreas possono essere danneggiati.

Oltre ciò la pancreatite può essere determinata direttamente da:

  • Risposta autoimmune verso il pancreas
  • Dotto pancreatico bloccato
  • Dotto biliare ostruito
  • Danni da trauma al pancreas o alla colecisti
  • Trigliceridi alti

Indirettamente il pancreas si può infiammare come conseguenza di

  • Fibrosi cistica
  • Malattia di Kawasaki
  • Virus ed infezioni (come la parotite e il Mycoplasma della polmonite).
  • Sindrome di Reye
  • Farmaci (alcuni che contengono estrogeni o corticosteroidi)

 

Fattori di rischio

E’ particolarmente a rischio di incappare in una pancreatite acuta chi beve in eccesso, è tabagista, ha familiarità con tumore, infiammazione o altre malattie del pancreas. Gli uomini sono maggiormente colpiti delle donne ed anche i bambini non sono immuni (pensiamo solo alla malattia di Kawasaki che colpisce nel’infanzia-sotto i 5 anni).

Sintomi della pancreatite acuta

Il sintomo predominante è il dolore che si verifica in genere nella parte superiore sinistra dell’addome che può estendersi anche al centro della pancia: si può manifestare intensamente e durare alcuni minuti quando si beve o si mangia qualcosa oppure durare diversi giorni, si può allargare dalla pancia alla schiena fin sotto la scapola. Altri sintomi possono essere:

  • febbre
  • nausea e / o vomito
  • sudorazione
  • ittero
  • diarrea
  • gonfiore nell’addome

Importante sarà a questo punto rivolgersi al proprio medico curante per stabilire una diagnosi precisa.

Pancreatite acuta, quale cura?

Esistono dei farmaci antinfiammatori che possono essere usati: può essere necessario il ricovero ospedaliero. Importante assicurarsi la giusta idratazione. A questo vanno abbinate le cure per la causa scatenante la pancreatite. Se nessuno di questi trattamenti funziona, può essere necessario un intervento chirurgico per rimuovere il tessuto danneggiato (compresa la cistifellea e il pancreas) o per riparare il condotto ostruito.

Prognosi

Nella maggior parte dei casi, i sintomi scompaiono entro una settimana di trattamento. Tuttavia, in alcuni casi, la pancreatite può ritornare e provocare una ulteriore infiammazione.

Prevenzione della pancreatite acuta

Si può aiutare a prevenire la pancreatite acuta limitando il consumo di alcol (colpevole di danneggiare il fegato, il pancreas, ed i condotti che si trovano al loro interno). I bambini non devono assumere l’aspirina se non prescritto dal proprio medico onde non incappare nella sindrome di Reye che può provocare pancreatite acuta.

Leggi anche:

Fumare aumenta il rischio dei tumori al pancreas

Cortisone può causare la pancreatite acuta

 

Foto: Flickr

Fonte: Healthline

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