Insufficienza della valvola mitralica, sintomi e cause

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Quando si parla di insufficienza mitralica o “rigurgito della valvola mitrale”, si fa riferimento, come è facile evincere dal nome , alla mancata chiusura della valvola mitrale del muscolo cardiaco che ha come effetto diretto il ritorno nel cuore del sangue che invece dovrebbe uscire ed andare in circolo. La conseguenza è la mancanza di fiato abbinata a stanchezza. In caso di insufficienza mitralica lieve non è necessario intervenire, ma quando è severa può essere necessario intervenire con un intervento cardiaco. Scopriamone i sintomi e le cause.

rigurgito valvola mitralica sintomi cause


Come funziona il cuore?

Il cuore, organo principale e determinante di tutto l’apparato cardiocircolatorio, è composto di 4 camere: 2 camere superiori (la destra e la sinistra) che ricevono il sangue  e 2 inferiori, i ventricoli, dai quali il sangue viene pompato per andare in circolo. Queste sono dotate di altrettante valvole che determinano il flusso sanguigno in un’unica direzione. La valvola mitralica è tra le camere nella parte sinistra del cuore e quando questa non chiude bene, si ha un rigurgito, ovvero il sangue dal ventricolo sinistro anziché andare in avanti nell’aorta, torna indietro nell’atrio.

Quali sono i sintomi di un’insufficienza mitralica?

Segni e sintomi di un rigurgito della valvola mitrale, dipendono dalla gravità e dalla rapidità con cui la condizione si sviluppa e possono essere:

  • Il sangue che scorre forte attraverso il cuore (soffio al cuore)
  • Mancanza di respiro (dispnea), soprattutto sotto sforzo o da sdraiati
  • Senso di affaticamento
  • Tosse, specie di notte o da sdraiati
  • Palpitazioni
  • Piedi e/o caviglie gonfi

Il rigurgito mitralico è spesso lieve e progredisce lentamente. Può essere sintomatico (o asintomatico) per decenni, senza progredire affatto. In altri casi però può avere esordio rapido ed improvviso con sintomi e segni gravi. E’ importante non trascurare la visita da un cardiologo. Il rischio è di incappare in un’insufficienza cardiorespiratoria grave. In presenza di uno qualunque di questi sintomi, che non passa è sempre opportuno parlarne con il proprio medico che avvierà ad uno specialista.

Quali sono le cause dell’insufficienza mitralica?

Il rigurgito della valvola mitrale (o insufficienza mitralica) può essere primario (la causa è un’anomalia della valvola) o secondario, dovuto cioè ad un’anomalia del ventricolo sinistro del cuore.
Possibili cause di rigurgito della valvola mitrale includono:

  • Prolasso della valvola mitrale
  • Tessuto danneggiato
  • La febbre reumatica
  • Endocardite (infezione del rivestimento del muscolo cardiaco)
  • Infarto (un attacco cardiaco può danneggiare la superficie del muscolo cardiaco che supporta la valvola mitrale, influenzandone la funzionalità)
  • Anomalia del muscolo cardiaco (cardiomiopatia). Nel corso del tempo, alcune condizioni, come la pressione alta, possono causare una cardiomiopatia, ad esempio dilatando il ventricolo sinistro e quindi il tessuto della valvola mitrale
  • Difetti cardiaci congeniti
  • Utilizzo di alcuni farmaci (come l’ergotamina, impiegata per trattare le emicranie)
  • Età. Con la mezza età, molte persone possono sviluppare un rigurgito della valvola mitrale causato dal deterioramento naturale della valvola.

 

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Foto: Thinkstock

Fonte: Mayo Clinic

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