Cardiomiopatia ipertrofica, cause e sintomi

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La cardiomiopatia ipertrofica (HCM) è abbastanza comune e può colpire persone di ogni età, indifferentemente dal genere 1 persona ogni 500 soffre di questo disturbo cardiaco, spesso inconsapevolmente: è di frequente la causa di un arresto cardiaco improvviso, specie in persone giovani (anche atleti).

 

carsiomiopatia ipertrofica cause sintomi tipi

 

Cause della cardiomiopatia ipertrofica ostruttiva e non  ostruttiva

In questa malattia il tessuto del miocardio (che riveste il cuore) si ispessisce senza una causa apparente. Di fatto vi è una base ereditaria determinata da un vasto numero di mutazioni genetiche che alterano la contrattilità del cuore. Questa cardiomiopatia può anche svilupparsi nel tempo a causa della pressione alta o dell’età avanzata, oltre che per altre malattie come quelle della tiroide o il diabete. A volte la causa della malattia non è nota.

Specificatamente sono le cellule del tessuto ad ingrandirsi e a far “addensare ” inizialmente le pareti del ventricolo sinistro: le dimensioni di questo rimangono solitamente normali (non si ha il cosiddetto cuore ingrossato), ma ciò può provocare un blocco nel corretto flusso di sangue. In questo caso si parla di  cardiomiopatia ipertrofica ostruttiva. Talvolta, invece è il tessuto del seno cardiaco (che divide la parte destra da quella sinistra del cuore) a ispessirsi con i medesimi effetti.

Quando l’ipertrofia riguarda invece la valvola mitrale, accade che il sangue rifluisce all’indietro attraverso la valvola stessa: non si blocca l’afflusso, ma comunque i fluidi non riescono a circolare in modo opportuno. Si parla allora di cardiomiopatia ipertrofica non ostruttiva.  In ambedue i casi il cuore subisce danni che possono portare ad un aumento della pressione del sangue nei ventricoli e nei vasi sanguigni dei polmoni. Poiché dei cambiamenti si verificano anche nelle cellule del muscolo cardiaco danneggiato, si possono avere dei disturbi dei segnali elettrici e dunque delle aritmie.

 

Sintomi

Non tutti coloro che hanno una cardiomiopatia ipertrofica ostruttiva e non manifestano sintomi: la malattia è spesso silente e per tale motivo può capitare che provochi un arresto cardiaco improvviso. Alcune persone al contrario possono manifestare disturbi tali da alterare la qualità della vita: respiro corto, aritmie gravi, o incapacità di fare determinati sforzi. Se si verifica un blocco, il ventricolo deve lavorare duro per pompare sangue al corpo ed in tal caso i sintomi possono includere dolore al petto , vertigini, mancanza di respiro, o svenimento . L’attività fisica intensa può provocare (seppur raramente) un attacco di cuore o aritmia.

 

Altri nomi per indicare la cardiomiopatia ipertrofica

 

  • Ipertrofia asimmetrica del setto
  • Cardiomiopatia ipertrofica familiare /ereditaria
  • Cardiomiopatia ipertrofica non ostruttiva
  • Cardiomiopatia ipertrofica ostruttiva
  • Stenosi subaortica ipertrofica idiopatica (IHSS)

 

 

Per approfondimenti potrebbero interessarvi anche i seguenti post su argomenti simili:

 

Cardiomiopatia dilatativa sintomi, cure, aspettativa di vita

Cardiomiopatia nell’adulto, cause, sintomi e tipi

Scintigrafia miocardica, quanto dura, rischi e a cosa serve

Angina, diagnosi, rischi e cura

Esami del sangue per le malattie cardiache

Cardioversione, cos’è, come si fa ed effetti collaterali

Ecocardiogramma color doppler, cos’è, come e quando si fa

Sintomi Cardiomiopatia

Cuore ingrossato sintomi, diagnosi e cure

Cuore ingrossato cosa significa e perché viene

Coronaropatia o cardiopatia ischemica

 

 

Fonte: American Heart Association

Foto: Thinkstock

 

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