Neuroblastoma, cure e sopravvivenza

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Il neuroblastoma può essere curato, anche se purtroppo non sempre può essere guarito. Molto dipende dalla tipologia, dalla sua posizione, dalla diffusione al momento della diagnosi. E’ molto importante, soprattutto trattandosi di un tumore che si sviluppa nell’infanzia, rivolgersi ad un centro specializzato in oncologia pediatrica. Trattare un neuroblastoma è piuttosto complesso e richiede il più delle volte la competenza di molti medici specializzati in diverse branche, infermieri e altri operatori sanitari: chirurgo, oncologo, radioterapista (tutti specializzati in pediatria), ma anche psicologi, assistenti sociali, fisioterapisti. I bambini, affetti da tumore e le loro famiglie, hanno necessità di cure diverse, speciali, particolari.

cellule neuronali


Le cure

Il trattamento di un neuroblastoma dipende prima di tutto dalla sua stadiazione, ovvero della fase, più o meno avanzata, in cui si trova al momento della diagnosi. A ciò si abbina inoltre l’età del bambino, la tipologia del neuroblastoma –con l’evidenziazione di alcuni marcatori tumorali piuttosto che altri- , l’eventuale compromissione di altri organi. In generale per questa forma di tumore a seconda dei casi possono essere utili uno o più dei seguenti trattamenti oncologici:

  • Chirurgia
  • Chemioterapia
  • Radioterapia
  • Trapianto di staminali
  • Terapia con retinoidi
  • Immunoterapia

 

Gli specialisti che seguono il bambino devono spiegare tutte le opzioni terapeutiche del caso ed i possibili effetti collaterali a breve e a lungo termine.

 

Esami e follow-up

Dopo le cure del tumore, è importante che il bambino si rimetta presto dagli effetti collaterali a breve termine della terapia, verificare se questa ha funzionato e controllare sul lungo termine il rischio di recidive con una sorveglianza attiva. Saranno perciò necessarie alcune indagini diagnostiche da effettuare a distanza di tempo: analisi del sangue e test di imaging come la Tac, la Risonanza magnetica, la Pet, l’ecografia…..  E’ molto importante non saltare il calendario dei controlli prestabiliti perché il rischio di una recidiva non può essere escluso, anche se si vorrebbe archiviare la malattia il prima possibile.

 

Sopravvivenza per il neuroblastoma

Molti bambini affetti da neuroblastoma hanno buone probabilità di sopravvivenza a lungo termine dopo le terapie. Ma quanti?
I tassi di sopravvivenza sono un indice medio capace di stabilire le prospettive, le aspettative di vita di un bimbo o un adulto affetto da un tumore. Si tratta chiaramente di cifre indicative, elaborate da studi statistici, basati su chi in passato ha già avuto la malattia. E vanno visti in positivo, perché nel frattempo numerosi progressi sono stati fatti in campo di ricerca e cure. A seconda della situazione (fase avanzata, tipologia del tumore, eccetera) vengono stabiliti dei gruppi di rischio per la sopravvivenza. Per il neuroblastoma sono i seguenti:

  • Gruppo a basso rischio: bambini nel gruppo a basso rischio hanno un tasso di sopravvivenza a 5 anni che è superiore al 95%. Superare i 5 anni dalla diagnosi è spesso sinonimo di guarigione dalla malattia.
  • Gruppo a rischio intermedio: in questo gruppo il tasso di sopravvivenza a 5 anni va dal circa il 90% al 95%.
  • Gruppo ad alto rischio: il tasso di sopravvivenza a 5 anni in bambini nel gruppo ad alto rischio è di circa il 40% al 50%.

 

Potrebbero interessarvi anche i seguenti post di argomenti simili:

Neuroblastoma, le cause

Il tè verde potrebbe curare il neuroblastoma

Cellule rare nel sangue associate allo sviluppo di tumori nei bambini

Cos’è un neuroblastoma?

Foto: Thinkstock

Fonte: Cancer.org

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