Polipi al colon, ecco quando possono diventare tumori

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E’ noto: il tabagismo ed il consumo di carne rossa sono associati ad un aumento del rischio di sviluppare polipi al colon e conseguentemente il cancro del colon-retto. Va sottolineato come i polipi siano delle escrescenze benigne e che solo in certi rari casi possono progredire in una forma di tumore, ma ora uno studio scientifico condotto presso la Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC) pubblicato sulla rivista Gut ha identificato come determinati agenti esterni possano indirizzare o meno verso questa trasformazione.

polipi colon tumore

 

I fattori di rischio modificabili

Nell’ottica di un lavoro sulla prevenzione del tumore del colon, tra i tanti fattori di rischio modificabili i ricercatori hanno preso in considerazione il fumo di sigaretta, la carne rossa e l’uso di FANS (ovvero farmaci antinfiammatori non steroidei) come l’aspirina, l’ibuprofene ed il naproxene.  Nello specifico si è scoperto che fumare o eccedere nelle quantità di carne rossa favorisce lo sviluppo di polipi intestinali ad alto rischio di trasformazione- i polipi sessili- mentre di contro i farmaci lo riduno.

Meno del 10% dei polipi intestinali sono di questa tipologia più pericolosa e di loro solo il 20-35% è legato a tumori del colon, ma poiché spesso – essendo più piatti e posizionati in aree difficilmente raggiungibili dalla colonscopia- non si identificano negli screening del tumore al colon, è particolarmente importante capire come evitarli e lo studio ha mirato a questo suggerendo uno stile di vita privo dei suddetti fattori di rischio.

In particolare lo studio ha evidenziato come  il fumo di sigaretta (correlato a quantità e durata nel tempo) ,sia associato ad un aumentato rischio di sviluppare tutti i tipi di polipi intestinali.Di contro si è dimostrato come l’utilizzo di FANS con regolarità per oltre 10 anni sia stato equiparato ad un rischio inferiore del 40% rispetto a chi non li ha assunti.

I modelli alimentari invece hanno prodotto risultati contrastanti, ma comunque significativi: mangiare carne rossa aumenta il rischio di sviluppare tutti i tipi di polipi, ma la probabilità di quelli sessili è due volte maggiore rispetto agli altri. Sono necessari ulteriori studi, ma sembra comunque evidente come modificare questi aspetti del proprio stile di vita possa essere prezioso.

Polipi al colon, tutti i tipi

Non tutti i polipi al colon sone eguali. Si distinguono sia per caratteristiche fisiche e posizione, sia per pericolosità come segue:

  • Polipi adenomatosi del colon. Sono i più comuni. Difficilmente progrediscono, ma va sottolineato che la maggioranza dei polipi maligni sono di questa tipologia
  • Polipi iperplastici, di piccole dimensioni che raramente diventano pericolosi
  • Polipi sessili, piatti e che tendono ad essere più grandi (anche oltre il centimetro) si trovano nella parte superiore del colon e nella maggioranza dei casi rappresentano forme precancerose e dunque rischiose
  • Polipi infiammatori: riguardano le persone affette da malattie infiammatorie intestinali croniche (come la colite ulcerosa o il morbo di Crohn), patologie che già di per se stesse aumentano il rischio di cancro al colon e dunque i polipi diventano un fattore di rischio in più.

 

Difficilmente i polipi al colon danno sintomi, fatta eccezione per i sessili che essendo più grandi possono ostruire in parte l’intestino e quindi dare origine ad episodi fastidiosi come la nausea.

 

Leggi anche:

 

Fonte: Gut

2.124 commenti su “Polipi al colon, ecco quando possono diventare tumori”

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