Secchezza delle fauci o xerostomia. Con questo termine si indica la condizione nota come bocca secca dovuta ad una diminuzione sostanziale della quantità di saliva. E’ un problema comune, lieve e solo fastidioso, ma può anche essere sinonimo di una certa importanza sulla salute generale oltre che specificatamente della bocca. La saliva aiuta a prevenire la carie neutralizzando gli acidi prodotti dai batteri, limitando la crescita batterica e lavando via le particelle di cibo. Migliora anche la capacità di gustare i cibi li rende più facili da ingoiare. Inoltre, gli enzimi in essa presenti facilitano la digestione. Se quindi c’è un abbassamento della salivazione, l’organismo può risentirne. Scopriamone insieme cause, rischi e sintomi correlati.
Sintomi correlati alla bocca secca
Se non si sta producendo abbastanza saliva, si possono notare questi sintomi tutti nella maggior parte se non in tutta la giornata:
- Secchezza della bocca o della gola
- Salivazione che sembra densa e filante
- Alito cattivo
- Difficoltà a masticare, parlare e deglutire
- Un mutato senso del gusto
- Problemi per chi indossa protesi odontoiatriche
- Frequenti carie
- Irritazione delle gengive e malattie gengivali
- Nelle donne, la secchezza della bocca può far attaccare il rossetto sui denti.
Cause della secchezza delle fauci
La secchezza della bocca ha numerose cause:
Farmaci. Numerosssimi farmaci, tra cui molti da banco, hanno tra i loro effetti collaterali la bocca secca. Questo capita soprattutto con quelli per la depressione, il dolore del nervo (neuropatia) e l’ansia, così come alcuni antistaminici, decongestionanti, miorilassanti e antidolorifici.
Invecchiamento. Il processo di invecchiamento non provoca direttamente secchezza delle fauci. Ma in questa fascia d’età c’è una maggiore assunzione di medicinali (che possono provocarla), più frequenza di patologie correlate, scarsa sensibilità alla sete.
Chemioterapia. I farmaci chemioterapici possono influire sulla quantità e qualità della saliva prodotta. In genere si tratta di un fenomeno passeggero: sospesa la terapia, torna la normale salivazione. I trattamenti radioterapici alla testa e al collo possono danneggiare le ghiandole salivari, causando una marcata diminuzione della produzione di saliva. Questo può essere temporaneo o permanente, a seconda della dose di radiazioni e della zona trattata.
Danni ai nervi. Un trauma o un intervento chirurgico con conseguente danno ai nervi alla testa e del collo possono provocare secchezza delle fauci.
Altre condizioni di salute. La bocca secca può essere anche dovuta ad alcune patologie come le malattie autoimmuni, la sindrome di Sjogren, l’ HIV / AIDS. Ictus e malattia di Alzheimer possono prevocare la sensazione della bocca secca, anche se le ghiandole salivari funzionano normalmente. Russare e respirare con la bocca aperta può anche contribuire alla secchezza delle fauci.
L’uso del tabacco. Fumare o masticare tabacco può aumentare i sintomi della bocca asciutta.
Consumo di metanfetamine. L’uso di metanfetamina può causare grave secchezza della bocca e danni ai denti.
Complicazioni
In caso di Xerostomia si possono avere delle conseguenze spiacevoli come:
- Aumento della placca batterica, carie e malattie gengivali
- Ulcere della bocca
- Infezioni fungine in bocca
- Lingua patinata di bianco
- Ferite o pelle spaccata agli angoli della bocca
- Labbra screpolate
- Problemi di masticazione/ deglutizione/ digestione, con le conseguenze del caso.
Le cure dipendono dalla causa scatenante.
Foto: Thinkstock
Fonte: Mayo Clinic
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