Tumore ai testicoli, cause e fattori di rischio

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La causa esatta della maggior parte dei tumori del testicolo non è nota, anche se sono stati identificati dei fattori di rischio ben precisi e certi. Allo stesso tempo numerosi sono gli studi scientifici al riguardo con particolare riferimento a cause genetiche, riconducibili cioè ad alterazioni del DNA. Vediamo nel dettaglio.

tumore testicoli cause

Cause genetiche del tumore al testicolo?

Gli studi al riguardo non hanno ancora portato a certezze che aprono la strada a nuove cure o metodiche diagnostiche, ma si è scoperto comunque quanto segue: la maggior parte delle cellule del cancro del testicolo ha copie extra di una parte del cromosoma 12, ma sono riscontrati anche cambiamenti in altri cromosomi così come un loro numero eccessivo. L’analisi approfondita di questi fattori è attualmente allo studio.

 

Cause e fattori di rischio noti

Alcune condizioni aumentano il rischio di sviluppare il cancro ai testicoli. Questo non significa comunque che si svilupperà necessariamente o che ne siano immuni uomini o bambini che non presentano tali fattori. Ma quali sono?

  • Testicolo ritenuto (è’ uno dei principali fattori di rischio per il cancro del testicolo: uno o entrambi i testicoli non riescono a passare dall’ addome nello scroto prima della nascita. In realtà le statistiche evidenziano anche 1 caso su 4 in cui il testicolo è normalmente disceso, per cui gli esperti sottolineano come tra le due condizioni possano esserci degli elementi iniziali comuni)
  • Storia familiare di cancro ai testicoli
  • Infezione da HIV
  • Carcinoma in situ del testicolo (è una forma benigna che raramente evolve in cancro, in tumore maligno del testicolo: non è chiara la casistica e neppure la causa, il perché cioè alcuni si trasformano negativamente ed altri no)
  • Pregresso cancro ai testicoli (una recidiva, magari sul secondo testicolo)
  • Etnia (negli uomini bianchi si manifesta 4-5 volte più di frequente che nei neri e più alto che nelle altre popolazioni)

 

Fattori di rischio non comprovati o controversi

Diversi studi hanno evidenziato una incidenza di tumore testicolare in uomini particolarmente alti, ma andre indagini scientifiche non sono giunte alle medesime conclusioni. Sembra inoltre che il peso corporeo non influenzi questa neolpasia. Ovviamente sono stati studiati anche gli effetti di traumi e lesioni sul lungo termine, come pure attività come l’equitazione, ma non si è giunti ne a conferme e ne a smentite per ciò che riguarda il rischio di sviluppare questo tumore: occorre ancora approfondire le tematiche. Lo stesso dicasi per l’attiità sportiva intensa, attualmente scagionata: essere fisicamente attivi inoltre è collegato ad un minor rischio di varie altre forme di cancro, così come ad un minor rischio di molti altri problemi di salute.

 

 

Prognosi e sopravvivenza

Secondo l’American Cancer Society negli Stati Uniti per il 2016 si avranno circa 8.720 nuove diagnosi di cancro ai testicoli, mentre ne moriranno circa 380. Si evince che si tratta di un tumore non comune (ma in crescita) e dal basso tasso di mortalità: di solito può essere trattato con successo, ed il rischio di vita è molto basso,  circa 1 su 5.000.

 

 

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Foto e fonte: Cancer.org

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