Tumore vescica: cause, fattori di rischio e prevenzione

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Negli Stati Uniti, secondo i dati dell’American Cancer Society 16.000 persone ogni anno muoiono per un tumore alla vescica, mentre si hanno oltre 74.000 nuovi casi (più di 56.000 uomini- è per loro il 4° tipo di cancro più mortale). Come si evince da questi semplici numeri, il tasso di sopravvivenza è piuttosto positivo, ma alto-e stabile negli anni- è anche il numero delle vittime. Per questo non bisogna abbassare la guardia e cercare di capire bene di cosa si tratta, quali sono le cause ed i sintomi, per poterlo affrontare precocemente.

tumore vescica cause rischi prevenzione

Tumore della vescica: cause

Non è ancora nota la causa specifica del tumore alla vescica, anche se sono stati identificati numerosi fattori di rischio e si sta cominciando a capire come questi agiscano sulle cellule della vescica per farle trasformare in neoplasia.

Alcuni cambiamenti nel DNA all’interno delle cellule della vescica normali possono infatti farle crescere in modo anomalo e sviluppare tumore.
A volte queste alterazioni genetiche sono ereditarie, me nel caso della vescica avvengono nell’arco della vita in seguito a fattori esterni (o di rischio), come l’esposizione a sostanze chimiche cancerogene o casualmente.

I cambiamenti genetici che portano al cancro della vescica non sono sempre gli stessi: possono portare quindi a diversi tipi di tumore vescicale e renderli più o meno aggressivi.

 

Cancro della vescica fattori di rischio

Quali sono dunque i fattori di rischio? Ovvero quegli elementi che aumentano le probabilità di sviluppare un tumore alla vescica?

 

  • Fumo: è il fattore di rischio più importante per il cancro della vescica. I fumatori hanno il triplo delle possibilità di ammalarsi di questa neoplasia rispetto ai non fumatori: gli agenti cancerogeni inalati vengono immessi in circolo nel sangue e poi finiscono nelle urine, lesionando al passaggio i tessuti della vescica ed aumentando dunque il pericolo di un tumore.
  • Esposizioni chimica: in genere si tratta di esposizioni prolungate nel tempo, per lavoro, ad esempio a sostanze come le ammine aromatiche – benzidina e beta-naftilammina – utilizzate nell’industria dei coloranti.
  • Razza e origine etnica: le persone con la carnagione bianca hanno il doppio delle probabilità di sviluppare un cancro alla vescica.
  • Età e genere: 9 persone su 10 con questo tumore hanno più di 55 anni. Colpisce maggiormente il sesso maschile.
  • Irritazione cronica della vescica e infezioni: infezioni delle vie urinarie, calcoli renali e della vescica, cateteri vescicali, ed altre cause di irritazione cronica sono stati collegati con questa forma di cancro (soprattutto con il carcinoma a cellule squamose della vescica), ma non è chiaro se effettivamente ne rappresentino una causa diretta.
  • Schistosomiasi (detta anche bilharziosi): infezione da parassita
  • Storia personale tumore uroteliale
  • Difetti congeniti della vescica
  • Genetica e storia di famiglia
  • Chemioterapia e radioterapia: in particolare l’uso a lungo termine del farmaco chemioterapico ciclofosfamide (Cytoxan) può irritare la vescica e aumentare il rischio di cancro. Le persone che assumono questo farmaco sono invitate a bere molti liquidi.
  • Alcuni medicinali o integratori a base di erbe: Secondo la US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), l’uso del farmaco per il diabete pioglitazone (Actos) per più di un anno può essere collegato ad un aumentato rischio di cancro alla vescica, così come gli integratori alimentari contenenti acido aristolochico.A
  • rsenico nell’acqua potabile
  • Basso consumo di liquidi

 

 

Prevenzione

Non è detto che chi ha uno di questi fattori di rischio svilupperà la malattia, mentre al contrario potrebbe svilupparla chi non ne ha. Il certo è che chi sa di essere a rischio dovrebbe fare maggiore attenzione ai sintomi (sangue nelle urine, cambiamenti nella frequenza della minzione, mal di schiena ecc) e farsi controllare più spesso. Più è precoce la diagnosi e maggiore è la possibilità di cura e guarigione. Alcuni di questi fattori inoltre come il fumo, sono modificabili. Basta volerlo e stargli lontano.

 

Leggi anche:

Tumore del surrene, cause, fattori di rischio e prevenzione

Tumore della vescica, sintomi e diagnosi

Cancro alla vescica per colpa dell’acqua di pozzo

Calcoli vescicali, tutte le cure e i rimedi

 

 

 

Fonte: Cancer.org

 

Foto: Thinkstock

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