Tumore del dotto biliare o colangiocarcinoma

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Cos’è il tumore del dotto biliare o colangiocarcinoma? Si tratta di una neoplasia abbastanza rara che ha origine da un dotto biliare. Questo è uno dei fisiologici tubicini che hanno il compito di spostare la bile dal fegato e dalla cistifellea fino al piccolo intestino, affinché qui possano essere digeriti meglio i grassi assunti con l’alimentazione. A seconda del punto in cui si trovano si chiamano in maniera diversa e sviluppano diverse forme di tumore.

tumore dotto biliare

Tipi di tumori del dotto biliare

Tutti i condotti (o dotti) interni al fegato vengono chiamati dotti biliari intraepatici. Quelli di destra e di sinistra si uniscono esternamente in un punto noto come ilo; più in basso c’è la cistifellea (un piccolo organo che immagazzina la bile) che si unisce al dotto epatico comune attraverso un piccolo canale chiamato dotto cistico. Il dotto biliare comune passa attraverso una parte del pancreas per poi confluire nel cosiddetto dotto pancreatico che sfocia poi nel duodeno. I tumori possono svilupparsi in uno qualunque di questi punti e, in base alla loro posizione sono classificati in 3 tipi:
• Tumori del condotto biliare intraepatico
• Tumori del dotto biliare perilare (ilo)
• Tumori del condotto biliare distale

 

Ognuno di questi assume caratteristiche diverse e provoca sintomi diversi.

Tumori del dotto biliare intraepatico

Questi tumori si sviluppano nei più piccoli rami dei dotti biliari all’interno del fegato. A volte possono essere confusi con tumori che iniziano nelle cellule del fegato, che sono chiamati carcinomi epatocellulari, e sono spesso trattati allo stesso modo. Solo circa 1 tumore su 10 delle vie biliari sono intraepatici.

Tumori del dotto biliare perilare

Questi tumori si sviluppano presso l’ilo, dove i dotti epatici destro e sinistro si uniscono nel fuoriuscire dal fegato: sono il tipo più comune di cancro del dotto biliare, che rappresentano più della metà di tutti i tumori delle vie biliari. Questi tumori sono raggruppati con i tumori dei dotti biliari distali o tumori delle vie biliari extra-epatiche.

Tumori del condotto biliare distale

Si trovano vicino al piccolo intestino. Come i tumori peri-ilari, questi sono i tumori del dotto biliare extraepatici perché iniziano al di fuori del fegato.

Tipi di cancro del dotto biliare per tipo di cellula

Tumori del dotto biliare possono anche essere suddivisi in tipi in base a come le cellule tumorali appaiono sotto il microscopio.  Quasi tutti i tumori delle vie biliari sono chiamati colangiocarcinoma. La maggior parte di questi sono adenocarcinomi, ovvero neoplasie che iniziano in cellule ghiandolari. Gli adenocarcinomi del dotto biliare sviluppano dalle cellule della ghiandola delle mucose che rivestono l’interno del condotto (altri tipi di tumori del dotto biliare sono molto meno comuni. Questi includono sarcomi, linfomi e tumori di piccole dimensioni cellulari).

I tumori benigni del dotto biliare

Non tutti i tumori delle vie biliari sono maligni. Adenomi ed amartomi del dotto biliare sono ad esempio benigni.

 

 

 

Potrebbero interessarvi anche i seguenti post su argomenti simili:

Sintomi attacco di bile

Tumore al fegato, può essere benigno: le tipologie

Tumore al fegato maligno, tutti i tipi

 

 

Fonte: Cancer .org

Foto: Thinstock

3.135 commenti su “Tumore del dotto biliare o colangiocarcinoma”

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