Uditori di voci

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Quello del sentire le voci è un fenomeno piuttosto comune ed ampiamente diffuso.

Si può sostenere infatti, senza ombra di dubbio alcuno, la teoria secondo la quale le allucinazioni uditive, tra tutti i tipi di allucinazioni sensoriali possibili, siano le più probabili, in casi di alterazione psicologica dovuta all’insorgenza ed al manifestarsi di una vera e propria patologia o semplicemente in seguito all’abuso di sostanze stupefacenti, manifestandosi, nel caso in cui siano complesse, con la percezione di voci parlanti direttamente all’orecchio, o sarebbe meglio dire al cervello, del soggetto allucinato.

► PARASSITOSI ALLUCINATORIA


L’interpretazione che del fenomeno si è data, nel corso dei secoli e secondo le differenti scuole di pensiero, è di volta in volta differente e mai definitiva, essendo difficile, se non impossibile, anche secondo la psicologia più moderna, classificare manifestazioni che, sino a pochi secoli fa, erano considerate tutt’altro che anomale e che, nell’antica Grecia così come in altre culture, venivano addirittura tenute in grandissima considerazione e coadiuvate, mediante l’assunzione di droghe od alcolici, poiché considerate espressione diretta del divino.

► NARCOLESSIA

Oggi, comunque, si è concordi nel sostenere come la manifestazione prolungata e costante (per un periodo, cioè, superiore ai 6 mesi) di allucinazioni uditive, specialmente di tipo complesso, possa venir considerato un sintomo, piuttosto eclatante e chiarificatore (sebbene vi siano dubbi sul fatto che, la sola presenza del suddetto sintomo, sia discriminante per la diagnosi), della possibile insorgenza di numerose patologie, tra le quali citiamo:

– la schizofrenia. In questo caso le voci si presentano, nella quasi totalità dei casi, come minacciose ed offensive, causando, di conseguenza, un inasprimento, specialmente nel sottotipo paranoide, della convinzione della persecuzione. Il soggetto coinvolto dichiara, nella maggior parte dei casi clinici indagati, di udire voci sussurranti e commentanti, più spesso dialoganti, che possono venir considerate quali eco del pensiero del soggetto stesso (ovverosia la ripetizione, sonora ed ossessiva, dei pensieri pensati dal paziente).

– la depressione maggiore. Nel caso analizzato, differentemente da quanto esperito nelle forme paranoidi della schizofrenia, i pazienti accusano di udire voci che, compatibilmente con la patologia primaria, sono di accusa e di rimprovero e hanno lo scopo di aumentare il senso di colpa del soggetto

– gli stati maniacali. In questa particolare patologia il soggetto è sottoposto ad allucinazioni uditive sia di tipo semplice che di tipo complesso. In ogni caso, comunque, il tono di quanto esperito è, solitamente, entusiasta ed esultante

– il disturbo borderline. Sebbene anomale e sporadiche, in situazioni particolari di ansia e stress eccessivi, anche il soggetto borderline può esperire brevi episodi allucinatori che possono, in alcuni casi, arrivare a coinvolgere il canale uditivo

– il disturbo dissociativo. Nel caso in questione, sebbene le esperienze allucinatorie siano estremamente differenti da soggetto a soggetto e da episodi ed episodio, si è consolidata la credenza che le voci udite dal paziente siano l’espressione di un esperienza traumatica rimossa, verosimilmente vissuta nel corso dell’infanzia

– epilessia. È stato dimostrato come i pazienti epilettici, nel corso di attacchi particolarmente violenti, possano esperire allucinazioni uditive di tipo semplice.

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