Mal di stomaco e dolori addominali: tutte le cause possibili

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Quando si parla di mal di stomaco di solito ci si riferisce a crampi o a un dolore sordo nella pancia (addome): normalmente è di breve durata e provocato da un problema non grave, anche se è spesso fonte di grande disagio e preoccupazione. Quando però il dolore addominale è piuttosto forte, violento e compare d’improvviso potrebbe trattarsi di un’emergenza medica. Cerchiamo di capire insieme le cause possibili e cosa fare.

mal di stomaco dolori addominali

Crampi allo stomaco e gonfiore addominale

Niente di più semplice quando il dolore addominale, seppur con crampi intensi , è provocato da troppa aria nella pancia: è un problema tanto comune quanto imbarazzante, ma che può essere facilmente tenuto sotto controllo con farmaci da banco o rimedi naturali (tisane al finocchio ad esempio).

Crampi addominali e diarrea

Se i crampi alla pancia sono accompagnati da diarrea, la diagnosi è semplice, e soprattutto frequente: si tratta di una gastroenterite. La causa è un’infezione virale o batterica che ha colpito l’intestino e nella maggior parte dei casi guarisce da sola, nell’arco di 48 ore grazie all’azione del sistema immunitario. Bisogna fare solo attenzione a non disidratarsi. L’agente infettivo più comune in tal senso è il norovirus. Il mal di stomaco con diarrea può essere collegato anche ad altri sintomi, come febbre e malessere generalizzato: è il caso di un’intossicazione alimentare ad esempio.

Se gli attacchi diarroici ed il dolore addominale durano a lungo o si ripropongono dopo poco tempo con regolarità, la causa potrebbe essere una patologia cronica, come la sindrome dell’intestino irritabile.

Dolore addominale forte ed improvviso

Se il dolore si sviluppa improvvisamente, è violento e concentrato in un punto preciso dell’addome occorre rivolgersi al proprio medico e/o ad un pronto soccorso. Le cause più comuni di questo malessere possono essere serie e sono:

  •  Appendicite : l’appendice è simile ad un sacchetto, largo quanto un dito, collegato all’intestino crasso: quando si infiamma provoca un dolore molto forte in basso a destra sulla pancia. Va tolta con intervento chirurgico
  • Ulcera peptica : una lesione che si sviluppa sul rivestimento interno dello stomaco o del duodeno (intestino tenue superiore)
  • Calcoli biliari: piccole pietre che si formano nella cistifellea
  • Calcoli renali: piccole pietre possono essere rinvenute o semplicemente espulse nelle urine, ma pietre più grandi possono bloccare i tubi del rene
  • Diverticolite: infiammazione dei diverticoli, piccoli sacchetti che fanno parte dell’intestino

A volte, dolore improvviso e grave all’addome può anche essere causato da un‘infezione dello stomaco e dell’intestino (gastroenterite) violenta, oppure da uno stiramento muscolare o in seguito ad un trauma.

Dolore addominale ricorrente o che non passa mai

Gli adulti che hanno episodi persistenti o ripetuti di dolore addominale dovrebbero vedere il loro medico di famiglia. Tuttavia, non vi è alcuna necessità di panico perché la maggior parte delle volte non è nulla di grave (ma non per questo il sintomo va sottovalutato).

  • Le cause più comuni negli adulti sono:

  1. Sindrome del colon irritabile: una condizione comune in cui il muscolo della parete intestinale tende ad andare in spasmo
  2. Malattia di Crohn : patologia cronica che causa infiammazione del rivestimento del sistema digestivo
  3. Infezione delle vie urinarie recidivante: si collega solitamente a bruciore mentre si urina
  4. Ulcera peptica trascurata
  5. Stipsi
  6. Reflusso gastroesofageo
  7. Dolore periodico per il ciclo mestruale nelle donne

  • Le cause più comuni nei bambini includono:

  1. Sindrome periodica : simile alla sindrome dell’intestino irritabile in adulti: i bambini hanno ricorrenti episodi di mal di pancia
  2. Stitichezza
  3. Infezione vie urinarie recidivante
  4. Ansia
  5. Reflusso gastroesofageo

 

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