Stenosi aortica: sintomi e cause

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Cos’è una stenosi della valvola aortica? Con questo termine si indica in medicina ed in particolare in cardiologia un restringimento della valvola aortica, punto di congiunzione fondamentale tra l’aorta ed il cuore: tale restringimento che può essere più o meno grave, impedisce alla valvola di aprirsi completamente, il che ostacola il flusso di sangue dal cuore all’aorta e al resto dell’organismo, aumentando il rischio di incappare in un accidente cardiovascolare. Quando questa valvola è eccessivamente ostruita, limitata, il cuore deve lavorare più intensamente per pompare il sangue all’organismo, il che alla lunga può portare ad un indebolimento del muscolo cardiaco. Per tale motivo una stenosi grave solitamente comporta l’intervento chirurgico di sostituzione della valvola. Scopriamone cause e sintomi.

stenosi valvola aortica sintomi cause

I sintomi della stenosi valvolare aortica

Una stenosi della valvola aortica può variare da lieve a grave. I sintomi in genere si sviluppano quando il restringimento è grave e possono essere i seguenti:

  • Dolore al torace (angina) o senso di oppressione
  • Sensazione di svenimento o svenimento sotto sforzo
  • Mancanza di respiro, soprattutto durante uno sforzo
  • Fatica, soprattutto nei periodi di maggiore attività
  • Palpitazioni cardiache
  • Soffio al cuore

Gli effetti di un indebolimento del cuore successivi ad una stenosi possono portare ad insufficienza cardiaca. Tra i sintomi di questa troviamo: affaticamento, mancanza di respiro e caviglie e piedi gonfi.
Essenzialmente però una stenosi può essere asintomatica o comunque non destare disturbi di sorta fino a che non si ha una complicanza. In genere tale condizione è scoperta con visite di routine, magari in conseguenza dello sviluppo di un soffio al cuore (suono cardiaco anormale) non precedentemente evidenziato.  La stenosi della valvola aortica può essere congenita e quindi a seconda dell’entità, i sintomi di affaticamento o dolore al petto potrebbero essere riscontrati anche nei bambini molto piccoli.

Le cause

Numerose le cause di stenosi aortica. Le più comuni sono:

  • Difetto cardiaco congenito

Avere una valvola aortica congenitamente anormale richiede una valutazione regolare da parte di un medico: può non sviluppare disturbi fino all’età adulta o mai. Dipende dalla severità del difetto, ma una sorveglianza attiva è sempre opportuna. Altrimenti occorre intervenire sin nell’infanzia con un intervento cardochirurgico.

  • Calcificazione della valvola aortica

Con il passare degli anni le valvole cardiache possono accumulare depositi di calcio, minerale in circolo nel sangue. Abitualmente non provocano disturbi o complicanze, ma in alcuni pazienti, specie in quelli con anomalie congenite della valvola (come in una valvola aortica bicuspide) possono provocare un irrigidimento dei lembi con conseguente stenosi: è più comune negli uomini di età superiore a 65 anni e nelle donne di età superiore a 75.

  • Febbre reumatica

Una complicanza dell’infezione del mal di gola, la febbre reumatica, può causare la formazione di tessuto cicatriziale sulla valvola aortica. Il tessuto cicatriziale può restringere la valvola aortica e portare a stenosi. Il tessuto cicatriziale può anche creare una superficie ruvida su cui depositi di calcio si raccolgono più facilmente contribuendo a sviluppare una stenosi valvolare aortica più tardi nella vita.
La febbre reumatica può danneggiare più di una valvola cardiaca, e in più di un modo. Una valvola cardiaca danneggiata non può aprire completamente o chiudere completamente.

Leggi anche:

Soffio al cuore, cause e sintomi

I benefici dell’olio d’oliva per il cuore

Le dieci regole per proteggere il cuore

 

Fonte: Mayo Clinic

Foto: Thinkstock

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