Soffio al cuore, cause e sintomi

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Si parla di soffio al cuore quando, con auscultazione tramite lo stetoscopio, si evidenzia un rumore anomalo (tipo sibilo/fruscio) tra un battito cardiaco e l’altro. Soffi cardiaci possono essere presenti alla nascita (congeniti) o svilupparsi più tardi nella vita. Un soffio al cuore non è una malattia, ma a volte è indicativo di un problema. Nella maggior parte dei casi i soffi cardiaci sono innocui ( e per questo definiti innocenti) e non necessitano di cure. Può essere comunque utile monitorarli, proprio per identificare o escludere una malattia cardiaca sottostante che potrebbe essere pericolosa. Il trattamento, se necessario, è diretto a causa. Scopriamo insieme quali sono queste cause e se esistono sintomi specifici.

soffio al cuore


Sintomi del soffio al cuore

Se si ha un soffio al cuore innocente, è probabile che non si sviluppino altri sintomi. Al contrario se il soffio è considerato anormale, può manifestarsi anche in concomitanza con ulteriori e più specifici segnali di allarme, come i seguenti:
• Pelle bluastra specie su labbra e punta delle dita
• Gonfiore o improvviso aumento di peso
• Mancanza di respiro
• Tosse cronica
• Fegato ingrossato
• Vene del collo ingrossate
• Scarso appetito e l’incapacità di crescere normalmente (nei neonati)
• Sudorazione pesante con minimo o nessun sforzo
• Dolore toracico
• Vertigini
• Svenimenti
La maggior parte dei soffi cardiaci non sono gravi, ma in caso dubbio è sempre opportuno rivolgersi al proprio medico curante e /o specialista. Tutto dipende dalle varie ed eventuali cause.

Soffio al cuore, le cause

Ci sono due tipi di soffi cardiaci: soffi innocenti e mormorii anormali. Una persona con un soffio innocente ha un cuore normale. Questo tipo di soffio al cuore è comune nei neonati e nei bambini.

Un soffio cardiaco anormale è più grave. Nei bambini, soffi anormali sono di solito causati da malattie cardiache congenite. Negli adulti, soffi anormali sono spesso causa di problemi acquisiti, alle valvole cardiache.

Soffi cardiaci innocenti

Un soffio innocente può verificarsi quando il sangue scorre più velocemente del dovuto attraverso il cuore. Condizioni che possono provocare ciò sono:
• L’attività fisica o esercizio fisico
• Gravidanza
• Febbre
• Cambiamenti nella struttura del vostro cuore, come dopo un intervento cardiaco
• Anemia
• Ipertiroidismo
• Invecchiamento
Questi soffi al cuore possono scomparire da soli nel tempo o rimanere per tutta la vita senza destare problemi.

Soffi cardiaci anormali

Sebbene la maggior parte soffi cardiaci non sono gravi, alcuni possono derivare da un problema cardiaco. Nei bambini e neonati la causa è essenzialmente congenita e può dipendere da:
• Buchi nel cuore o shunt cardiaci. Molti soffi cardiaci nei bambini sono il risultato di fori nelle pareti tra le camere cardiache, noti come difetti del setto. Questi possono o non possono essere gravi, a seconda delle dimensioni del foro e la sua posizione. Shunt si verificano quando c’è un flusso di sangue anormale tra le cavità cardiache o dei vasi sanguigni, che possono portare a un soffio al cuore.
• Anomalie delle valvole cardiache. Alcuni esempi sono la stenosi della valvola (che non permette il passaggio adeguato di sangue) o il contrario quando non chiudono bene e perdono (rigurgito).
Altre cause di soffi cardiaci anormali includono infezioni e patologie che danneggiano le strutture del cuore e sono più comuni nei bambini più grandi, adolescenti o adulti. Per esempio:
• La febbre reumatica
• Endocardite
• Calcificazione della valvola : indurimento o ispessimento delle valvole, chiamato mitrale o stenosi della valvola aortica.
• Prolasso della valvola mitrale

 

Potrebbero interessarvi anche i seguenti post:

Le dieci regole per proteggere il cuore – Stetoscopio

Soffio al cuore: pericoloso? Cause e sintomi in neonati, bambini e adulti

Sintomi cardiomiopatia

Scoperto un gene che ripara il cuore dopo un infarto

 

Fonte: MayoClinic

Foto: Thinkstock

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