I difetti visivi sono responsabili della riduzione della capacità visiva e agiscono in modo differente l’uno dall’altro. Tutti sono accomunati da un unico effetto, impedire di vedere con chiarezza, un effetto che condiziona la vita delle persone e causa disagi.
Un occhio senza difetti funziona in modo semplice, la luce entra nell’occhio, passa attraverso il cristallino naturale e viene focalizzata sulla retina, fornendo un’immagine nitida e chiara. La cornea e il cristallino lavorano insieme come due lenti convergenti, una con potere refrattivo fisso e l’altra con potere variabile, permettendo all’occhio di vedere bene.
La visione risulta distorta o offuscata quando l’immagine osservata non viene focalizzata correttamente sulla retina. Tanto è maggiore il deficit visivo quanto è grave il vizio refrattivo: quando l’immagine viene proiettata davanti la retina si ha un difetto di miopia, mentre se l’immagine è proiettata posteriormente alla retina si ha l’ipermetropia. L’astigmatismo arriva quando l’immagine viene proiettata su due piani diversi.
I difetti visivi più comuni
Tra i difetti visivi della vista più comuni troviamo la Miopia, causata da una discrepanza tra la curvatura del cristallino e la lunghezza del bulbo oculare. La miopia non permette di focalizzare bene le immagini da lontano.
La soluzione più immediata per correggere la Miopia è l’uso delle lenti correttive e in condizioni estreme è possibile ricorrere ad un intervento di chirurgia refrattiva per ridurre il difetto. L’intervento chirurgico è consigliato quando insieme alla Miopia è presente anche la cataratta: viene sostituito il cristallino opacizzato con una lente intraoculare artificiale.
L’Ipermetropia è, in un certo senso, il contrario della miopia: l’occhio è più corto del normale e la curvatura del cristallino o della cornea è ridotta. Queste anomalie causano una visione distorta delle immagini vicine ed anche in questo caso è possibile utilizzare delle lenti correttive o l’intervento chirurgico per i casi gravi.
L’astigmatismo, invece, è causato da una curvatura anomala della cornea e dalle irregolarità del cristallino che causano una visione poco nitida e distorta sia da lontano che da vicino.
La Presbiopia può essere considerata un difetto della vista dovuto a cause naturali, in particolare all’invecchiamento del cristallino che perde la sua flessibilità e si assiste ad una riduzione graduale dell’accomodazione. Solitamente, questo difetto visivo è associato all’invecchiamento della persona.
Durante le prime fasi, la presbiopia può essere corretta con l’utilizzo degli occhiali da vista ma, nella maggior parte dei casi, è associata alla cataratta ed è fondamentale ricorrere alla chirurgia.
Le lenti correttive per la miopia prendono il nome di lenti negative divergenti, mentre le lenti utilizzate per correggere l’ipermetropia prendono il nome di lenti positive convergenti.
È bene sapere che gli occhiali da vista oppure delle lenti a contatto possono correggere fino ad un massimo di 8 diottrie o quando si assiste ad una differenza di massimo 4 diottrie tra i due occhi.
L’intervento chirurgico è espressamente consigliato alle persone che convivono con un difetto visivo grave da diverso tempo e l’utilizzo degli occhiali da vista diventa pressoché inutile.
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