Polisonnografia: come funziona l’analisi del sonno?

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La polisonnografia, talvolta chiamata anche polisonnogramma, analisi del sonno o monitoraggio cardiorespiratorio notturno è un esame strumentale diagnostico non invasivo e non doloroso in grado di registrare diversi parametri fisiologici in un soggetto che sta dormendo. Per effettuare questo esame è necessario disporre di un apparecchio detto polisonnigrafo.

polisonnografia
polisonnografia

A differenza di altre tipologie di esame che possono essere eseguite soltanto in una struttura ospedaliera o in un ambulatorio medico, la polisonnografia può essere fatta anche a casa del paziente. Esistono infatti strutture che offrono il servizio di polisonnografia a domicilio.

Optando per il servizio a domicilio si ha la possibilità di scegliere tra due opzioni: la prima prevede che il polisonnigrafo sia applicato al paziente da un tecnico inviato dalla struttura. Il giorno dopo potranno essere analizzati i dati registrati dallo strumento durante il riposo notturno del paziente.

La seconda opzione prevede che al paziente sia consegnato un apparecchio da portare al polso. Per l’esecuzione dell’esame è richiesto il download di un’apposita app sullo smartphone. L’apparecchio andrà indossato e attivato dal paziente al momento di coricarsi. Il giorno seguente l’app scaricata sullo smartphone invierà i dati che saranno analizzati da un tecnico.

È necessaria una specifica preparazione per la polisonnografia?

Non è necessaria alcuna preparazione specifica per realizzare l’analisi del sonno, ma di norma viene raccomandato al paziente di alimentarsi in modo leggero e di non assumere alcolici, caffè o altre bevande contenenti caffeina. Lo scopo è quello di evitare situazioni che possano disturbare il normale sonno e quindi alterare il test.

Per quali motivi il medico può richiedere l’esecuzione di una polisonnografia?

L’analisi del sonno viene richiesta quando c’è il sospetto che il paziente sia affetto da un disturbo del sonno; fra questi si ricorda in particolare la sindrome dell’apnea ostruttiva nel sonno (la polisonnografia è il gold standard per la diagnosi di questo disturbo). Segni e sintomi che possono far sospettare che il paziente ne sia affetto sono la sonnolenza diurna, la cefalea mattutina, la difficoltà a concentrarsi, i risvegli notturni con la sensazione di soffocamento, l’irritabilità ecc.

La sindrome dell’apnea ostruttiva nel sonno non è però il solo disturbo per il quale può essere indicato eseguire un’analisi del sonno; si ricordano per esempio anche problematiche quali il russamento patologico, la narcolessia, la sindrome delle gambe senza riposo ecc.

Come si interviene dopo l’esame?

Una volta eseguita la polisonnografia è generalmente possibile effettuare una diagnosi certa del disturbo del sonno che affligge il paziente. Individuata quindi la causa saranno fornite opportune indicazioni sulla terapia da seguire.

Nel caso in cui, per esempio, sia diagnosticata la sindrome da apnea ostruttiva nel sonno, sono diverse le soluzioni che si hanno a disposizione. Una di queste è la CPAP (Continuous Positive Airway Pressure), la ventilazione meccanica a pressione positiva.

Si tratta di una terapia strumentale che si avvale di un apposito apparecchio che serve a supportare la respirazione; si tratta in buona sostanza di un piccolo macchinario costituito da un ventilatore al quale, tramite un tubo flessibile, è collegata una maschera nasale.

A chi soffre di apnee notturne sono anche suggerite misure comportamentali come per esempio un’alimentazione equilibrata e una regolare attività fisica. Nei soggetti in sovrappeso è importante adottare strategie che consentano di ridurre i chili in eccesso. In alcuni casi potrebbe essere consigliato un approccio chirurgico.

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