L’artrite è una malattia piuttosto comune che provoca dolore dovuto ad infiammazione. Esistono oltre 100 tipi di artrite che colpiscono in maniera diversa ed ad ogni età, anche i bambini: pensiamo ad esempio all’artrite reumatoide e all’osteoatrite o osteoartrosi che sono le forme più comuni. Vediamo nel dettaglio altre tipologie cercando di conoscerne meglio anche i sintomi.
Tipi di artrite
Artrosi
L’osteoartrosi ( o artrosi o osteoartrite) si sviluppa in genre nelle persone con più di 50 anni, ma può verificarsi a qualsiasi età a seguito di una lesione o ad altre condizioni di salute correlate. Colpisce inizialmente il rivestimento liscio della cartilagine dell’articolazione. Questo rende più difficile il movimento, causando dolore e rigidità. L’articolazione ed i tessuti circostanti e sottostanti vanno sotto sforzo e possono portare a gonfiore e alla formazione di speroni ossei, chiamati osteofiti. Di fatto, con l’artrosi la cartilagine delle articolazioni si degrada, consuma, c’è una degenerazione. Accade più frequentemente alle mani , colonna vertebrale, ginocchia e fianchi.
Artrite reumatoide
Si manifesta in genere tra i 40 e i 50 anni, maggiormente nelle donne (in un rapporto 3 a 1). Si distingue dall’artrosi per vari motivi: è innanzitutto una malattia autoimmune (l’artrosi non lo è): gli anticorpi si rivolgono erroneamente contro le articolazioni dando origine a dolore e gonfiore. Viene colpito in prima battuta il rivestimento esterno (sinovia) del giunto: da qui poi si diffonde fino all’osso e alla cartilagine che possono essere distrutti e comportare ulteriore dolore e disabilità. Le persone con artrite reumatoide possono sviluppare problemi con altri tessuti e organi nel corpo. Ovvero chi ha una malattia autoimmune purtroppo può averne anche una seconda.
Altri tipi di artrite e malattie correlate
Spondilite anchilosante
E’ una condizione infiammatoria a lungo termine che colpisce soprattutto le ossa, i muscoli e i legamenti della colonna vertebrale, portando a rigidità. Altri problemi possono includere il gonfiore dei tendini, degli occhi e delle grandi articolazioni.
Spondilosi cervicale o artrosi degenerativa o spondilite cervicale
Colpisce le articolazioni e le ossa del collo, portando a dolore e rigidità.
Fibromialgia
Provoca dolore nel corpo muscoli, legamenti e tendini.
Lupus
E’ una malattia autoimmune che può colpire diversi organi e molti tessuti del corpo. Può comportare sintomi molto diversi quale stanchezza estrema, eruzioni cutanee (in particolare su viso, mani e posi) oltre che dolore e gonfiore alle articolazioni.
Gotta
E’un tipo di artrite causata da un eccesso di acido urico nel corpo. Questo si accumula nelle articolazioni (di solito colpisce l’alluce), ma può svilupparsi in qualsiasi altro punto del corpo. Provoca dolore intenso e gonfiore.
Artrite psoriasica
E’ una malattia infiammatoria che può colpire le persone affette da psoriasi. Anche questa comporta dolore articolare.
Artrite Enteropatica
E’ una forma cronica di artrite infiammatoria associata a malattia infiammatoria intestinale (IBD), i cui due tipi più noti sono la colite ulcerosa ed il morbo di Crohn. Le zone più comuni colpite da infiammazione -e dunque dolore- sono le articolazioni periferiche (arti) e la colonna vertebrale.
Artrite reattiva
Causa l’infiammazione delle articolazioni, degli occhi e dell’uretra. Si sviluppa poco dopo un’infezione intestinale, del tratto genitale o, meno frequentemente, dopo una infezione alla gola.
Artrite secondaria
E’ un tipo di artrite che può svilupparsi in seguito a malattie comuni, magari dopo tantissimi anni.
Polimialgia reumatica
Colpisce in genere le persone con oltre 50 anni di età, in cui il sistema immunitario provoca dolori muscolari, rigidità e infiammazione delle articolazioni.
Per maggiori approfondimenti leggete anche:
Foto: Thinkstock
Fonte: NHS.uk
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